Chapter 10 ~~~~ :D

Lasttttttttt chapter ! :D

Small Group Communication_

the small group & teams
# purpose 
:- similar purpose and reason
exp : assignment or project
# interdependence
:- individual depending on one another for common objective or to complement each other                          
exp : different talent and skills
# Organization of rules 
:- individual in small groups has  certain schemata/rule to adhere to.
exp : formal meeting will done formally
# Self-perception as a group
:- individual wanting to feel belonged to a larger group of common shared values, beliefs, likings and mentality

1) Specific purpose
:- task completion, goal completion, problem solving 

2) Clearly defined roles

:- there must be a leader, there must be supporters and everybody must be a team player

3) Goal directed

:-commitment to achieve the common goal and  objective

4) Content focused

:- must be able to generate content- not distracted by other things. 

small group stages

the small group formats

# the round table :

:- arrange themselves in circular or semicircular

:- share the information

:- group interaction

#  the panel

:- group member are experts

:- informal

:- there is an audience in front

:- most popular small group formats

exp : talk shows

# the symposium

:- like a public speech

:- different aspect of a single topic

:- symposium leader introduce the speaker, provides transition from one to another and summarize it

# the symposium forum

:- two part 

-> a symposium with prepared speeches

-> forum ( questions and responses )

power in the small group

# legitimate power - by rules

# referent power - by agreements

# reward power - by positive reinforcement

# coercive power - by negative reinforcement, punishment

# expert power - by establishing yourself as the expert in the context

# information power - by establishing yourself as the person can communicate and inform the best.

types of small groups
:- small group & different purpose
:- 4 types of small groups

# idea- generation groups
:- brainstorming - don't criticize one another, strive for quantity, combine and extend ideas, develop the wildest ideas possible
# personal-growth groups
:- sometimes referred to as support group
:- the encounter group , the assertiveness training group & the consciousness-raising group
# information- sharing groups
:- people form ideas & share information with one another
:- education group & focus group,
# problem-solving groups
:-group come together to face or solve certain issue or problem

the six critical thinking hats
white hat :- data centric
red hat :- feeling centric
black hat :- negative centric
yellow hat :- positive centric
green hat :- creative centric
blue hat :- process / action centric

hoooyahhh ! end of chapter 10 !

Chapter 9

Friendship_

:- is an interpersonal relationship
:- must be mutually productive
:- characterized by mutual positive regard
# trust
# emotional support
# sharing interest

friendship types
# the friendship of reciprocity - close friend
# the friendship of receptivity - teacher & student , doctor & patient
# the friendship of association - classmate

function of friendship
# utility purposes - help you to achieve your specific goals and need
# affirmation - help you to recognize your attributes
# ego support - someone who behave in supportive & encouraging
# stimulation - help you to expand your worldview
# security - someone who does nothing to hurt you

develop stages of friendship 
#initial contact & acquaintanceship
- the first stage of friendship
- impressions are formed
- important to stay open & welcoming of the presence of your new acquaintance
#casual friendship
- the second stage of friendship
- dyadic consciousness take place
- doing things together
# close and intimate friendship
- the third stages of friendship
- most intimate forms of togetherness

Friendship affected by :
# friendship & culture
:- different culture would bring different meaning to friendship & relationship
# friendship & gender
:- male & female view friendship & relationship differently
# friendship & technology
:- the meaning of friendship has been diluted by the improvement & usage of technology in our lives

Romantic relationship_

type of love : 

#Eros

:- erotic, sensual, desire, lust

:- love that come out physical attraction, beauty & appearance

#ludus

;- excitement, fun, entertainment

:- often seeking temporary measures and ways to fulfill their need & have fun 

#Storge

:- peaceful and slow

:- act of seeking for love but with the absence of passion and emotion the process

#Pragma

:- practical and traditional

:- more concerned of the ability of the other partner & the benefit that gain from the relationship

#Mania 

:- extremist of opposites

:- they love the thrill of having love & at the same time is depressed or worries of having love

#Agape 

:- unconditional love

:- loving another with no favor expected in return

:- love of parent to their child

Love and communication 

# love and culture

# love and gender

# love and technology

Families_

:- Each family has their own uniqueness and characteristics, but they do normally follow a certain set of rules and criteria, such as

# defined roles

# recognition of responsibilities

# shared history & future

# shared living space

Types of family

# traditional couples

:- the conventional form of a family

# independent couples

:- individuals in this family setting stresses individuality as the main theme in the family

# separate couples

:- this family setting is not really a family but individuals in this family stay together for a common benefit

family and communication

# equality 

:- Individual in families would often seek an equal terms of respect, love and understanding with one another

# balanced split 

:- families with a balanced split have a balanced amount of responsibilities

# unbalanced split 

:- a mother having to work for money and taking care of the home but the father just stay at home unemployed and not even doing the housework.

# monopoly

:- one person is the authority

 

family and culture

:- Highly individualist cultures would not have a conductive setting for a healthy family

family and technology

:- family are more active in conversation, with one another  the quality and value of those conversations are diluted and almost meaningless and lack sincerity

exp : using email , text message or facebook 

Chapter 7&8 -> Part 2 :P

Relationship stage & theories 
:- after you've developed a good sense and etiquette
:- relate to relationship around you

Contact

:- people become aware of one another's existence

:- perceptual & interactional contact take place

# perceptual = human senses

# interactional = first point of contact

Involvement

:- people have tighter bonds & engagements with one anther

:- testing & intensifying stage take place

#testing stage = "do you like this song?"

#intensifying stage = the amount of time or commitments you committed to one another

Intimacy

:- people have deep & committed relationship with one another

:- interpersonal commitment & social bonding take place

:- in this stage, you've become familiar & comfortable

Deterioration

:- other communication factors such as temporal, cultural or societal context weakens the bond 

:- intrapersonal & interpersonal dissatisfactions become apparent

:- due to different stages or life, has different priorities

Repair

:- try to work things out

:- intrapersonal & interpersonal repairs take place

Dissolution

:- where bonds are broken or returned back to a platonic

:- interpersonal & social separation take place

Relationship theories

Attraction Theory

#similarity : similar taste, beliefs, ideas with you 

#proximity : individuals who are close to you 

#reinforcement : individuals who reinforces your personality & lifestyle

#physical attractiveness & personality : inner & outer beauty

Relationship Rules Theory

:- different relationship levels & attributes

#friend rules : acquaintances, normal friend , best friend

#romantic rules : loves & couples

#family rules : different roles in the family

#workplace rules : different roles in the workplace

Relationship Dialectics Theory

:- want to explore the extremes of opposite qualities 

:- three pair of opposites are...

# closeness & openness - individual that like to be involved in society or group

# autonomy & connection - individual that like to have both independence & dependency

# novelty & predictability - individual that like surprises or uniqueness

Social Penetration Theory

:- people in relationship often have the need to explore each other's personalities

# deeper relationship would go deeper into core personality of the person

# the more you know the person , the deeper the level of conversation

Social exchange theory & equity theory

#Social Exchange theory 

:- rewards > costs

:- individual form relationship with one another based on whether or not it would bring benefit to them 

#Equity Theory

:- rewards = costs

:- this theory more towards forming professional relationship 

The dark side of interpersonal relationship

:- relationship can get complicated and can lead to ugly things in life and with one another

:- three types of jealous...

# cognitive jealous - suspicious thinking, worrying & exaggeration of thing that you think would occur

# emotional jealous - seeing someone you like react to something else that is out of your control

# behavioral jealous - responses or behavioral change that takes place with the individual as result of the envy & jealousy

finished chapter 7 & 8 :D

hooyah !

Chapter 7 & 8 -> Part 1

Interpersonal Communication_

:- a communication between sender and receiver
:- more than 1 person involved
:-through conversations & dialogues

The conversation process
#opening - "hello !"
#feedforward
1. to open the channels of communication - nice day, isn't?
2. preview future message - hey, i have some good new to tell you...
#business - message portion
#feedback - response : "thanks you for telling me the good new"
#closing - "goodbye"

Principles of  conversation
principle of turn-taking
:-there is an active exchange of roles of between speakers and listeners
:-the exchanges of cues is called conversational turns
# turn-maintaining : to maintain conversational cues
# turn-yielding : done talking and wishes to listen
# turn-requesting : ready to speak
# turn-denying : not responsive

principle of dialogue
:- two person share messages to one another
:- dialogue is indicates an interaction rather than just a conversation

principle of immediacy
:- consideration the relationship and intimacy of one another
:- adjusting the environment and the context

Everyday conversation
:- we need to maintain a social etiquette and conversation rules
small talk
:- we slowly introduce ourselves into a bigger issue or message
:- a bridge to the conversation
:- a very culturally based

excuses and apologies
:-maintain a fair stand on your excuses : do not lie and do not be too extreme
Types of excuses :
# i didn't do it - strong declination
# it wasn't so bad - mid to neutral stand
# yes but - admitting to the fault but still defensive
Etiquette for apologies :
:- maintain an open situation

complimenting and advice
:- message of praise
Etiquette of compliments
# qualified compliment
:- really justifies the words
#unquanlified compliment
:- used to do just pass on the impression or to mask certain behaviors and intentions
# receiving compliments
2 options when receiving
:-denial
exp : "it's nice of you to say that, but i know i was terrible"
:- acceptance
exp : "smile and say thank you "

avice 
3 types of advice
# explore options
:-to seek out alternatives
# expect advice / second opinion
:- emphasize or de-emphasize their beliefs and inclinations
# delay decision
:- to delay their decision

chapter 6 -> Part 3 ! :D

Culture And Nonverbal Communication_

>culture and gestures
:- different cultures perceive non-verbal cues. differently from one another

>culture and facial expression
:- more indicative of what is publicly permissible
:- broad smiles...
Japanese women_

U.S. women_

>culture and colors

:- vary greatly in their meanings from one culture to another

exp : red signifies prosperity and rebirth in China ;  masculinity in France and UK but blasphemy and death in many African countries . 

>culture and eye communication
:- most culture are open to eye communications, but some do observe that avoiding eye contact is the best policy

>culture and touch
:- Southern European and Middle Eastern -> contact cultures
;- Northern European and Japanese -> low or non-contact cultures

>culture - paralanguage and silence

:- Japanese and the traditional Apache culture -> value silence more than other cultures

:- U.S. silence is often interpreted negatively

chapter 6 -> Part 2 :O

 2) the channels of nonverbal communication

>body messages
:- it include 5 major types of body movements...
1)body movement
#emblems : body gesture directly translate into word or phrases
exp : thumbs up for "good job"
#illustrators : nonverbal behavior that company & enhance verbal messages
exp : holding 2 finger while saying you will be back in 2 hours
#regulations : behavior that monitor, control, coordinate or maintain the speaking of others
exp : glancing at your watch to indicate you need to leave
#affect displays : nonverbal movement that communicate emotional meaning
exp : smiling or crying
#adaptors : emitted without conscious awareness
:- self adaptor : self-touching
:- alter adaptors : directed at the person with whom you are speaking
:- object adaptors : focused on object

2)body appearance : influences how you communicate & how other communicate with you

>facial communication
:- the degree of pleasantness, agreement, and sympathy felt.
:- at least these 8 emotion...
#happiness #surprise #fear #anger #sadness #disgust #contempt #interest

Facial management
:-is a techniques that enable us to communicate feeling
#intensifying -> surprise
#deintensifying -> covering up your joy
#neutralizing -> covering up sadness
#masking -> expressing happiness
#simulating -> expressing emotion

>eye communication

:- important nonverbal message system.
:- depending on duration, direction and quality
Function of eye movements:
#seek feedback
#signal openness
#signal the nature of a relationship
#change the psychological distance
#help other maintain privacy
#signal lack of interest

>spatial messages

1)proxemic distances

:- 4 distances that define the type of relationship between people

:- including cultural, gender socialization, age & personality

4 proxemic distances :

#intimate : for comforting & protecting

#personal : Protective bubble -> keeps you protected & untouched by others

#social : conduct business in social interaction

#public : space we keep between & strangers that potentially harmful

2)territoriality

:- possessive area or to particular objects

3 types of territories :

#primary territories : the area about your own

#secondary territories : the area that don't belong to you but which you have occupies

#public territories : the area that open to all people

the primary & secondary territories have 3 type of markers :

#central markers : items placed to reserve a territory

#boundary markers : set boundaries between your territory

#ear markers : marks that indicate your possession of a territory or object

>artifactual communication

:- message that are human-made

# color communication : colors may influence our psychology & our perceptions and behaviors

#clothing & body adornment : people make inferences about who you are by the way you dress

#space decoration : people make inferences base on how you decorate your private spaces.

>smell communication

:-through odor. odor contribute to our perceptions of health, alertness, awareness, relaxation

#attraction messages : use to enhance attractiveness ( lotion, perfumes)
#taste : smells compliments senses like taste
#memory : use to trigger memories or significant events or experiences in our minds
#identification messages : create an image or an identity. (smell of certain cleaning product)

>touch communication

:- the most primitive form of nonverbal communication

:- it develops before our other senses

the meaning of touch :

#positive emotion  - support, appreciation, inclusions, affection

#playfulness - affectionately or aggressively

#control - to pay attention to something or someone

#ritual - shaking hand, hugging

#task-relatedness - helping someone

touch avoidance :

:-avoid touching and being touched by certain people or in certain circumstances

:- positively relate to communication apprehension & affected by age and gender

>paralanguage

:- the vocal, nonverbal dimension of speech, volume, rate, pitch, accent, vocalization 

:-judgment about people

exp : "yawning" <- are you bored?

:-agree more with people who speak with paralanguage cues

>silence

:- just as intensely as anything you verbalize

function of silence

#allow for time to think

#to hurt other - silent treatment or cold war

#respond to threats, to deal with personal anxiety or shyness

#prevent communication of certain message

#to convey an emotional response - defiance or annoyance

>time communication

:- the use of time, how you treat, organize,& react to time

:- past, present, future

:- past orientation - tradition, ole methods, old wisdom

:- present orientation - here & now without planning for tomorrow

:- future orientation - look forward, make plans, set goals

finally done part 2. hahaha

Chapter 6 -> Part 1 :P

Nonverbal communication_

:- is a communication without words
:-anything that the basic human senses can senses or develop other than hearing words directly spoken.

Two benefit of using nonverbal communication :
1) ability to send and receive nonverbal signals

2)successful you're likely to be at influencing others.

There are 3 type of nonverbal communication

*Functions Of Nonverbal Communication

*Channels Of Nonverbal Communication (part 2)

*Culture And Nonverbal Communication (part 3)

1) the function of nonverbal messages

> integrating nonverbal and verbal messages

:- it may be used to form or complement impressions. both made to you and from you. :)

:- it include...

#to accent or emphasize the verbal message

#to complement or add nuances of meaning to a verbal message

#to contradict the verbal messages

#to regulate or to try to control verbal messages

#to repeat or restate the verbal message nonverbally

#to substitute for verbal messages

>forming and managing impressions

:- it may be used with verbal messages in the following ways...

#to be likes

#to be believed

#to avoid failure

#to secure help

#to hide faults

#to be followed

#to confirm self-image and to communication it to others

>defining relationship

:- nonverbal gesture & communication are used in various stages of relationship

exp : to employers, you show your professional ; to normal friend, you adopt casual look and talk openly ; to best friend, you scream and shout... xD

>structuring conversation

:- we give and receive cues

:- this cues maybe verbal but most often they are nonverbal.

exp : for verbal, we can ask "what do you think?''

exp : for nonverbal, we can nod our head to show that we are listening what the speaker say

>influencing and deceiving

:- nonverbal gesture & communication can be used to influence other at the same time deceiving or distracting other 

#influence : to affirm statement, offer support

#deceive : to cover a "white lie"

exp : someone already know you are lying and you are lying to someone else.

>express emotions

:-nonverbal gesture & communication can be used to express emotions

to be continue... :P

Chapter 3

Just noticed that i have skip this chapter.. haha sorry about this :P

Listening_

:- is a type of perception, which you receive auditory signals
:- is the process of receiving, constructing meaning from and responding to spoken and/ or non-verbal messages.

#Hearing is a basic step of receiving sound and is not the same as listening.

The 5 stages of listening :

Receiving 

:- the first stage of listening

:- verbally and non verbally

:- hearing auditory stimuli

Understanding 
:- the second stage of listening
:-decoding message

Remembering
:- the third stage of listening
:- retaining message received and understood for at least some period of time

Evaluation
:- the fourth stage of listening
:- judging messages you hear

Responding
:- the last stage of listening
:- responses while the speakers is talking
exp : something like body language that let the speaker know you are paying attention
:- responses after the speaker has stopped
exp : answer the question that teacher ask in the class.


Diversity of listening and culture :

Language and speech
:- every speaker speaks an idiolect
:- is a unique variation of the language

Nonverbal behavioral differences
:-speaker from different cultures have different display rules
#  Listen = verbal + nonverbal

Direct and indirect styles
direct styles :- say what you mean
indirect styles :- maintain a positive public image rather than absolute truth

Balance of story VS evidence
:- some culture, most people want evidence before making decisions rather than critical thinking
:- some culture, they more influenced by the word of high credibility source

Credibility
:- what make a speaker credible or believable will vary from one culture to another.

Feedback
:- some culture give very direct and very honest feedback
:- but for some culture.. it's more important to be positive than to be truthful and so they may respond with positive feedback even they don't feel it

Listening Effectively :

Participatory & passive listening

:- participate mentally and physically

:- passive listening is not without merit

Emphatic & objective listening

emphaty :- understand what other person means and feel

#listen more objectively

Nonjudgmental & critical listening

:-open mind and understand the message and then evaluate or judge the message.

Surface & depth listening

:- distinguish the surface(literal) and depth meaning of the communication

 FINISHED CHAPTER 3 ! :D